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Key Nutrient: L-Carnosine
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a 100% natural substance formed of two amino acids: Beta alanine and L-histidine. Carnosine is both a powerful antioxidant, pH buffer, and can can slow glycosis, which is a co-factor in the aging process. Carnosine is found naturally in healthy muscles, hearth, brain, liver, kidneys and other tissues, but decreases with age and oxidative stress load. Carnosine levels in the body decline 63% from age 10 to age 70.
Carnosine is in GO2 because it has been shown to have the following effects:
- Water soluable antioxidant
- Scavenges free radicals
- Buffers lactic acid in muscles during exercise
- Enhanced muscle recovery
- Decreased cell membrane oxidation
- Preventation of glycation
Scientifically demonstrated benefits of Carnosine:
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-carcinogenic effect
- Prevention of radiation damage
- Immunologic effects
- Antibiotic effect
- Prevention of carbonylation of proteins
- Chelation of metals
Carnosine has shown efficacy as a complimentary therapy in the following:
- ADHD
- Alzheimer's
- Arthritis
- Autistic Spectrum Disorder
- Cataracts
- Coronary heart disease
- Diabetes
- Gastric and duodenal ulcers
- Hypertension
- Wound healing
References
- Boldyrev AA, Stvolinsky SL, Tyulina OV, et al. Biochemical and physiological evidence that carnosine is an endogenous neuroprotector against free radicals. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997; 17(2):259-71.
- Boldyrev A, Song R, Lawrence D, et al. Carnosine protects against excitotoxic cell death independently of effects on reactive oxygen species. Neuroscience. 1999; 94(2):571-7.
- Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(10):1564-70.
- Chan WK, et al: Effect of dietary carnosine on plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. Lipids (1994 Jul) 29(7):461-6
- Decker EA, Livisay SA, Zhou S: A Re-evaluation of the antioxidant activity of purified carnosine. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000 Jul;65(7):766-70
- Forster MJ, Dubey A, Dawson KM, et al. Age-related losses of cognitive function and motor skills in mice are associated with oxidative protein damage in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93(10):4765-9.
- Gulyaeva NV. Superoxide-scavenging activity of carnosine in the presence of copper and zinc ions. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1987; 52(7 Part 2):1051-4.
- Gulyaeva NV, Dupin AM, Levshina IP. Carnosine prevents activation of free-radical lipid oxidation during stress. Bull Exp Biol Med. 1989; 107(2):148-152.
- Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett. 1995; 371(1):81-5.
- Hipkiss AR, et al. Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 1997 Dec 5;238(3):135-8
- Hipkiss AR, Chana H. Carnosine protects proteins against methylglyoxal-mediated modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 248(1):28-32.
- Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, et al. Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998; 854:37-53.
- Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res. 2000; 852(1):56-61.
- Holliday R, McFarland GA. A role for carnosine in cellular maintenance Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000 Jul;65(7):843-8
- Kantha SS, et al. Carnosine sustains the retention of cell morphology in continuous fibroblast culture subjected to nutritional insult. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1996 Jun 14) 223(2):278-82
- McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res. 1994; 212(2):167-75.
- McFarland GA, Holliday R. Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol. 1999; 34(1):35-45.
- Munch G, Mayer S, Michaelis J, et al. Influence of advanced glycation end-products and AGE-inhibitors on nucleation-dependent polymerization of beta-amyloid peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997; 1360(1):17-29.
- Munch G, Schinzel R, Loske C, et al. Alzheimer's disease-synergistic effects of glucose deficit, oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Neural Transmission. 1998; 105(4-5):439-61.
- Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, et al. Action of carnosine and beta-alanine on wound healing. Surgery. 1986;100(5):815-21.
- Naumova OV, et al. The effect of carnosine on the liver enzyme system in the irradiated body. Biokhimiia (1992 Sep) 57(9):1373-7
- Preston JE, et al. Toxic effects of beta-amyloid(25-35) on immortalised rat brain endothelial cell: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and beta-alanine. Neurosci Lett. 1998; 242(2):105-8.
- Quinn PJ, Boldyrev AA, Formazuyk VE. Carnosine: its properties, functions and potential therapeutic applications. Mol Aspects Med. 1992; 13(5):379-444.
- Silaeva SA, et al. Effect of carnosine and 4-methyluracil on the development of experimental hepatitis in rats. Biokhimiia (1992 Sep) 57(9):1366-72
- Stuerenburg HJ, Kunze K. Concentrations of free carnosine (a putative membrane-protective antioxidant) in human muscle biopsies and rat muscles. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1999.29:107-113.
- Stvolinsky SL, et al. Carnosine: an endogenous neuroprotector in the ischemic brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol (1999 Feb) 19(1):45-56
- Stvolinsky SL, Dobrota; Anti-ischemic activity of carnosine Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000 Jul;65(7):849-55
- Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, et al. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. J Anti-Aging Med. 1999; 2(4):337-42.
- Wang AM, et al. Use of carnosine as a natural anti-senescence drug for human beings. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000 Jul;65(7):869-71
- Zaloga GP, Roberts PR, Black KW. Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(1 Pt 2):H462-8.




