Key Nutrient:  Idebenone

Idebenone is a modified version of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which is absolutely crucial for metabolic function. Without it, the electron respiratory chain breaks and cells cannot produce energy. It is also the only lipid-soluble antioxidant that is synthesized in our bodies.  Natural levels of CoQ10 begin to decrease after age 30.

CoQ10 would be a perfect supplement for athletes that expend excessive energy or push the anaerobic envelope were it not for one important detail:  under hypoxic conditions (like going anaerobic), CoQ10 becomes pro-oxidative and creates a powerful free radical that can damage DNA, mitochondria, and lipid membranes.

Enter a synthetic variation called Ubiquinol, also known as Idebenone.  It has all the advantages of CoQ10 without the pro-oxidative drawback.

Idebenone is in GO2 because it has been shown to have the following effects:

Scientifically demonstrated benefits of Idebenone:

Idebenone has shown efficacy as a complimentary therapy in the following:

References

  1. Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Battino M, Curatola G, Littarru GP, Folkers K: The roles of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on peroxidation of human low density subfractions. Proc Nat Acad Sci. USA, 92: 9388-9391, 1995
  2. Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, Passeri M, Carmosino G. Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppls287-94.
  3. Barkworth MF, Dyde CJ, Johnson KI, Schnelle K. An early phase I study to determine the tolerance, safety and pharmacokinetics of idebenone following multiple oral doses. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35:1704-1707.
  4. Beal MF, Matthews RT, Tieleman A, Shults CW. Coenzyme Q10 attenuates the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced loss of striatal dopamine and dopaminergic axons in aged mice. Brain Res. 1998 Feb 2;783(1):109-14.
  5. Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and coenzyme Q10 as a potential treatment. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2004 Aug;36(4):381-6.
  6. Berbel-Garcia, A.; et al. (July 2004). "Coenzyme Q 10 improves lactic acidosis, strokelike episodes, and epilepsy in a patient with MELAS". Clinical Neuropharmacology 27: 187-191. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
  7. Bergamasco B, Scarzella L, La Commare P. Idebenone, a new drug in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Funct Neurol 1994;9:161-168.
  8. Berman, M. et al. Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin.Cardiol. 2004;27(5):295-299.
  9. Blasi MA, Bovina C, Carella G, et al. Does coenzyme Q10 play a role in opposing oxidative stress in patients with age-related macular degeneration? Ophthalmologica. 2001 Jan;215(1):51-4.
  10. Bowry VW, Mohr D, Cleary J, Stocker R. Prevention of tocopherol-mediated peroxidation in ubiquinol-10-free human low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):5756-63.
  11. Cardoso SM, Pereira C, Oliveira CR. The protective effect of vitamin E, idebenone and reduced glutathione on free radical mediated injury in rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;246:703-710.
  12. Chen, R. S., Huang, C. C., and Chu, N. S. Coenzyme Q10 treatment in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Short-term double-blind, crossover study. Eur.Neurol. 1997;37(4):212-218.
  13. Civenni G, Bezzi P, Trotti D, et al. Inhibitory effect of the neuroprotective agent idebenone and arachidonic acid metabolism in astrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;370:161-167.
  14. Damian, M. S.; et al. (July 2004). "Coenzyme Q10 Combined With Mild Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest". Circulation, American Heart Foundation 110: 3011-3016.
  15. Dhanasekaran M, Ren J. The emerging role of coenzyme Q-10 in aging, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2005 Dec;2(5):447-59.
  16. Ernster L, Forsmark-Andree P. Ubiquinol: an endogenous antioxidant in aerobic organisms. Clin Investig. 1993;71(8 Suppl):S60-5.
  17. Ernster L, Dallner G: Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1271: 195-204, 1995
  18. Feher J, Kovacs B, Kovacs I, et al. Improvement of visual functions and fundus alterations in early age-related macular degeneration treated with a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, n-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. Ophthalmologica. 2005 May;219(3):154-66.
  19. Feigin, A., Kieburtz, K., Como, P., Hickey, C., Claude, K., Abwender, D., Zimmerman, C., Steinberg, K., and Shoulson, I. Assessment of coenzyme Q10 tolerability in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord. 1996;11(3):321-323.
  20. Ferrante KL, Shefner J, Zhang H, et al. Tolerance of high-dose (3,000 mg/day) coenzyme Q10 in ALS. Neurology. 2005 Dec 13;65(11):1834-6.
  21. Folkers K, Simonsen R. Two successful double-blind trials with coenzyme Q10 (vitamin Q10) on muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 May 24;1271(1):281-6.
  22. Folkers K and Wolaniuk A. Research on coenzyme Q10 in clinical medicine and in immunomodulation. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985;11(8):539-45.
  23. Frei B, Kim MC, Ames BN. Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990 Jun;87(12):4879-83.
  24. Gaby AR. The role of coenzyme Q10 in clinical medicine: Part II. Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and infertility. Altern Med Rev. 1996:1:168-75.
  25. Gazdikova K, Gvozdjakova A, Kucharska J et al. [Effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients with kidney diseases]. Cas Lek Cesk. 2001 May 24;140(10):307-310.
  26. Gazdik F, Pijak MR, Borova A, Gazdikova K. Biological properties of coenzyme Q10 and its effects on immunity. Cas Lek Cesk. 2003;142(7):390-3.
  27. Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A, Lippa S, Uccioli L, Caputo S, Greco A, Littarru G (1993). "Evidence of plasma CoQ10-lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study". J Clin Pharmacol 33 (3): 226-229.
  28. Gillis JC, Benefield P, McTavish D, "Idebenone, a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in age-related cognitive disorders." Drugs Aging 1994; Aug;5 (2): 133-152.
  29. Greenberg S, Frishman WH. Co-enzyme Q10: a new drug for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 Jul;30(7):596-608.
  30. Gutzmann, H. and Hadler, D. Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: update on a 2-year double-blind multicentre study. J Neural Transm.Suppl 1998;54:301-310.
  31. Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Ojima M, Shizukuishi S, Folkers K. Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppls241-8.
  32. Hodgson, J. M., Watts, G. F., Playford, D. A., Burke, V., and Croft, K. D. Coenzyme Q(10) improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56(11):1137-1142.
  33. Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, Wiklund I, Astrom H. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 Study Group. J Card Fail. 1995 Mar;1(2):101-7.
  34. Hoppe U, Bergemann J, Diembeck W, et al. Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):371-8.
  35. Hosoe K, Kitano M, Kishida H, et al. Study on safety and bioavailability of ubiquinol (Kaneka QH(trade mark)) after single and 4-week multiple oral administration to healthy volunteers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 17.
  36. Ihara Y, Namba S, Shiraba T, "Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS), pathological study and successful therapy with coenzyme Q10 and idebenone." J Neurol Sci 1989 May; 90(3):263-271.
  37. Ikejiri Y, Mori E, Ishii K, Yasuda M, Sasaki M, "Idebenone improves cerebral mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in a patient with MELAS" Neurology 1996; Aug 47(2); 583-585.
  38. Ingold KU, Bowry VW, Stocker R, Walling C. Autoxidation of lipids and antioxidation by alpha-tocopherol and ubiquinol in homogeneous solution and in aqueous dispersions of lipids: unrecognized consequences of lipid particle size as exemplified by oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 1;90(1):45-9.
  39. James AM, Cocheme HM, Smith RA, Murphy MP. Interactions of mitochondria-targeted and untargeted ubiquinones with the mitochondrial respiratory chain and reactive oxygen species. Implications for the use of exogenous ubiquinones as therapies and experimental tools. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 3;280(22):21295-312.
  40. Jolliet P, Simon N, Barre J, et al. Plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations in breast cancer: prognosis and therapeutic consequences. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;36(9):506-9.
  41. Kakihana M, Yamazaki N, Nagaoka A. Effects of idebenone on the levels of acetylcholine, choline, free fatty acids, and energy metabolites in the brains of rats with cerebral ischemia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1989;8:247-256.
  42. Kazunori H, Mitsuaki K, Hideyuki, K Hiroshi, K Kenji, F Mikio, K. Study on safety and bioavailability of ubiquinol (Kaneka QHtm). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 17.
  43. Torii H, Yoshida K, Kobayashi T, et al. Disposition of idebenone (CV-2619), a new cerebral metabolism improving agent, in rats and dogs. J Pharmacobiodyn 1985;8:457-467.
  44. Koroshetz WJ, Jenkins BG, Rosen BR, Beal MF. Energy metabolism defects in Huntington’s disease and effects of coenzyme Q10. Ann Neurol. 1997 Feb;41(2):160-5.
  45. Kuettner A, Pieper A, Koch J, Enzmann F, Schroeder S. Influence of coenzyme Q(10) and cerivastatin on the flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: results of the ENDOTACT study. Int J Cardiol. 2005 Feb 28;98(3):413-9.
  46. Kurowska EM, Dresser G, Deutsch L, Bassoo E, Freeman DJ. Relative bioavailability and antioxidant potential of two coenzyme q10 preparations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(1):16-21.
  47. Langsjoen, P., Langsjoen, P., Willis, R., and Folkers, K. Treatment of essential hypertension with coenzyme Q10. Mol.Aspects Med 1994;15 Suppl:S265-S272.
  48. Langsjoen, P. H., Vadhanavikit, S., and Folkers, K. Effective treatment with coenzyme Q10 of patients with chronic myocardial disease. Drugs Exp.Clin Res 1985;11(8):577-579.
  49. Langsjoen, P. H., Langsjoen, P. H., and Folkers, K. A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Int J Tissue React. 1990;12(3):169-171.
  50. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):273-84.
  51. Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Linnane A, et al. Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:355-9.
  52. Linnane AW, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, et al. Human aging and global function of coenzyme Q10. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:396-411.
  53. Linnane AW, Kopsidas G, Zhang C, et al. Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10: effect of CoQ10 supplementation on human skeletal muscle. Free Radic Res. 2002 Apr;36(4):445-53.
  54. Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Yamamoto T, Folkers K. Progress on therapy of breast cancer with vitamin Q10 and the regression of metastases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 6;212(1):172-7.
  55. Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Folkers K. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Mar 30;199(3):1504-8.
  56. Mariani C, Bresolin N, Farina E, et al. Muscle biopsy in Alzheimer’s disease: morphological and biochemical findings. Clin Neuropathol. 1991 Jul;10(4):171-6.
  57. Marubayashi S, Dohi K, Ezaki H, Hayashi K, Kawasaki T. Preservation of ischemic rat liver mitochondrial functions and liver viability with CoQ10. Surgery. 1982 Jun;91(6):631-7.
  58. Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, Baik M, Beal MF. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):8892-7.
  59. Menke T, Gille G, Reber F, et al. Coenzyme Q10 reduces the toxicity of rotenone in neuronal cultures by preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):65-72.
  60. Mohr D, Bowry VW, Stocker R. Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results increased levels of ubiquinol-10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jun 26;1126(3):247-54.
  61. Mordente A, et al., Antioxidant properties of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (idebenone).: Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Jan;11(1):54-63.
  62. Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long-term multicenter randomized study. Clin Investig. 1993;71(8 Suppl):S134-6.
  63. Mortensen SA, Vadhanavikit S, Baandrup U, Folkers K. Long-term coenzyme Q10 therapy: a major advance in the management of resistant myocardial failure. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985;11(8):581-93.
  64. Muller T, Buttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn W. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2003 May 8;341(3):201-4.
  65. Munkholm H, Hansen HH, Rasmussen K. Coenzyme Q10 treatment in serious heart failure. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):285-9.
  66. Naini A, Lewis VJ, Hirano M, DiMauro S. Primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency and the brain. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):145-52.
  67. Nakano T, Miyasaka M, Mori K, et al. Effects of idebenone on electroencephalograms of patients with cerebrovascular disorders. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1989;8:355-366.
  68. Nitta A, Murakami Y, Furukawa Y, et al. Oral administration of idebenone induces nerve growth factor in the brain and improves learning and memory in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. Naunyn
  69. Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994;349:401-407.
  70. Nitta A, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T. Oral administration of idebenone, a stimulator of NGF synthesis, recovers reduced NGF content in aged rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1993;163:219-222.
  71. Okamoto H, Kawaguchi H, Togashi H, et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on structural alterations in the renal membrane of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Med Metab Biol. 1991 Apr;45(2):216-26.
  72. Okamoto T, Matsuya T, Fukunaga Y, Kishi T, Yamagami T. Human serum ubiquinol-10 levels and relationship to serum lipids. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1989;59(3):288-92.
  73. Palan PR, Mikhail MS, Shaban DW, Romney SL. Plasma concentrations of coenzyme Q10 and tocopherols in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003 Aug;12(4):321-6.
  74. Pisano P and colleagues, "Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of idebenone and its metabolites following single and repeated doses in young patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy." Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 51(2):167-169.
  75. Portakal O, Ozkaya O, Erden IM, et al. Coenzyme Q10 concentrations and antioxidant status in tissues of breast cancer patients. Clin Biochem. 2000 Jun;33(4):279-84.
  76. Quiles JL, Farquharson AJ, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, et al. Coenzyme Q differentially modulates phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene expression and free radicals production in malignant and non-malignant prostate cells. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):265-70.
  77. Quinn PJ: Topography of coenzyme Q in membranes. In: Kagan VE, Quinn PJ, eds. Coenzyme Q: Molecular Mechanisms in Health and Disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001:29-42.
  78. Ren Z, Ding W, Su Z, et al. Mechanisms of brain injury with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and protective effects of coenzyme Q10. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994 Jul;108(1):126-33.
  79. Rosenfeldt FL, Mijch A, McCrystal G, et al. Skeletal myopathy associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy: potential benefit of coenzyme Q10 therapy. Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Dec;16(12):827-9.
  80. Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Ou R, et al. Coenzyme Q10 improves the tolerance of the senescent myocardium to aerobic and ischemic stress: studies in rats and in human atrial tissue. Biofactors. 199;9(2-4):291-9.
  81. Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong J-Y, Watts GF. Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. J Human Hypertension 21: 297-306, 2007
  82. Rozen T, Oshinsky ML, Gebeline CA, et al. Open label trial of coenzyme Q10 as a migraine preventive. Cephalalgia. 2002 Mar;22(2):137-41.
  83. Rusciani L, Proietti I, Rusciani A, et al. Low plasma coenzyme Q10 levels as an independent prognostic factor for melanoma progression. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb;54(2):234-41.
  84. Rustin P, von Kleist-Retzow JC, Chantrel-Groussard K, et al. Effect of idebenone on cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia: a preliminary study. Lancet 1999;354:477-479.
  85. Sandor, P. S., Di Clemente, L., Coppola, G., Saenger, U., Fumal, A., Magis, D., Seidel, L., Agosti, R. M., and Schoenen, J. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2-22-2005;64(4):713-715.
  86. Schaffler K, Hadler D, Stark M. Dose-effect relationship of idebenone in an experimental cerebral deficit model. Pilot study in healthy young volunteers with piracetam as reference drug. Arzneimittelforschung 1998;48:720726.
  87. Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct;59(10):1541-50.
  88. Shults CW, Flint BM, Song D, Fontaine D. Pilot trial of high dosages of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2004 Aug;188(2):491-4.
  89. Shults CW, Haas RH, Beal MF. A possible role of coenzyme Q10 in the etiology and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):267-72.
  90. Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Tedeschi D, et al. Coenzyme Q10, exercise lactate and CTG trinucleotide expansion in myotonic dystrophy. Brain Res Bull. 2001 Oct 1;56(3-4):405-10.
  91. Siemieniuk E and Skrzydlewska E. Coenzyme Q10: its biosynthesis and biological significance in animal organisms and in humans. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2005;59:150-9.
  92. Singh RB, Khanna HK, and Niaz MA. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in chronic renal failure: discovery of a new role. J Nutr Environ Med 2000;10:281-288.
  93. Singh RB, Niaz MA. Serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) decreases on treatment with hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with coronary artery disease: discovery of a new role. Int J Cardiol. 1999 Jan;68(1):23-9.
  94. Sohmiya M, Tanaka M, Suzuki Y, et al. An increase of oxidized coenzyme Q-10 occurs in the plasma of sporadic ALS patients. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Jan 15;228(1):49-53.
  95. Somayajulu M, McCarthy S, Hung M, et al. Role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress; neuroprotection by Coenzyme Q10. Neurobiol Dis. 2005 Apr;18(3):618-27.
  96. Suno M, Nagaoka A. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by idebenone in brain mitochondria in the presence of succinate. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1989;8:291-297.
  97. Suno M, Terashita Z, Nagaoka A. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by idebenone and the mechanism of the inhibition. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1989;8:313-321.
  98. Suzuki H, Naitoh T, Kuniyoshi S, et al. Cardiac performance and coenzyme Q10 in thyroid disorders. Endocrinol Jpn. 1984 Dec;31(6):755-61.
  99. Takenaka M, Tatsukawa Y, Dohi K, et al. Protective effects of alpha-tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 on warm ischemic damages of the rat kidney. Transplantation. 1981 Aug;32(2):137-41.
  100. Thomas SR, Leichtweis SB, Pettersson K, et al. Dietary cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q(10) inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Apr;21(4):585-93.
  101. Tomasetti M., Littarru G.P., Stocker R., Alleva R.: Coenzyme Q10 enrichment decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Free Radic Biol Med. 27: 1027-1032, 1999
  102. Tran MT, Mitchell TM, Kennedy DT, Giles JT. Role of coenzyme Q10 in chronic heart failure, angina, and hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Jul;21(7):797-806.
  103. Wang XL, Rainwater DL, Mahaney MC, Stocker R. Cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 reduces circulating markers of inflammation in baboons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):649-55.
  104. Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in human plasma. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppls97-102.
  105. Weyer G, Babej-Dolle RM, Hadler D, et al. A controlled study of two doses of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychobiology 1997;36:73-82.
  106. Wilkinson EG, Arnold RM, Folkers K, Hansen I, Kishi H. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. II. Adjunctive treatment with coenzyme Q in periodontal therapy. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 Sep;12(1):111-23.
  107. Witting PK, Pettersson K, Letters J, Stocker R. Anti-atherogenic effect of coenzyme Q10 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Aug;29(3-4):295-305.
  108. Wolf DE, Hoffman CH, Trenner NR, Arison BH, Shunk CH, Linn BD, McPherson JF, and Folkers K. Structure studies on the coenzyme Q group. J Am Chem Soc 1958: 80:4752.
  109. Yamada K, Tanaka T, Han D, et al. Protective effects of idebenone and alpha-tocopherol on beta-amyloid-(142)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats: implication of oxidative stress in beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11:83-90.
  110. Yamagami T, Shibata N, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. VIII. Adminstration of coenzyme Q10 to patients with essential hypertension. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 Aug;14(4):721-7.
  111. Yamamoto Y, Yamashita S. Plasma ubiquinone to ubiquinol ratio in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatoma, and in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary reperfusion. Biofactors.1999;9(2-4):241-6.
  112. Yan J, Fujii K, Yao J, et al. Reduced coenzyme Q10 supplementation decelerates senescence in SAMP1 mice. Exp Gerontol. 2006 Feb;41(2):130-40.
  113. Ye CQ, Folkers K, Tamagawa H, Pfeiffer C. A modified determination of coenzyme Q10 in human blood and CoQ10 blood levels in diverse patients with allergies. Biofactors. 1988 Dec;1(4):303-6.